Research Using Biometrics Ltd Sensors and Instrumentation in Biomechanics

Pring, Noah A.; Solomon, Stacy L.; Obrien, Andy; Conners, Ryan T.; and Whitehead, Paul N. (2021) "The Effect of Shin-Torso Alignment on Muscle Activity and Joint Angles of the Lower Extremity in Collegiate Ice Hockey Players," International Journal of Exercise Science: Vol. 14 : Iss. 1, Pages 552 - 562.

The purpose of this study was to measure muscle activation patterns and joint angle changes of the lower extremity in ice hockey players, during three different simulated skating positions, in order to determine the optimal position to minimize muscle fatigue and reduce injuries. Eight Biometrics Ltd DataLITE Wireless EMG sensors were used to measure the muscle activity in the quadriceps, hamstrings, and low back while DataLITE Wireless Goniometers measured the angles of the hip, knee and ankle joints.

Hamidreza Mokhtarinia, Javad Ghamary, Azam Maleki-Ghahfarokhi, Morteza Asgari, Charles Philip Gabel, Mohamad Parnianpour. Health Promotion Perspectives, 2019, 9(2), 115-122

Para-spinal muscle activity was maesured using Biometrics Ltd DataLINK and EMG sensors to evaluate the effectiveness of a new design back support compared to perfoming the same tasks without the support.

Blair Hu, Elliot Rouse, Levi Hargrove

This benchmark dataset of lower extremity measurements utilized the Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers for the joint kinematics of the knee and ankle.

Recep A. Ozdemira, Jose L. Contreras-Vidalb, William H. Paloski

Biometrics Ltd DataLOG EMG system was used to measure the lower extremity muscle activity during dynamic posturography with elderly subjects.

Freddy Man Hin Lama, Chak-yin Tangb , Timothy Chi Yui Kwokc , Marco Yiu Chung Panga

A Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers was used to monitor knee angles of the study participants while on a vibrating platform.

Lely A. Luengas, Pedro R. Vizcaya, Giovanni S?nchez

This paper presents a methodology to obtain the Static Alignment Model for transtibial amputees and to study how much the alignment influences the static standing biomechanics. Seven Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure the joint angles.

Justin A. Brantley, Trieu Phat Luu, Sho Nakagome, Jose L. Contreras-Vidal

This study is the first to demonstrate that continous EMG can be used to predict the joint kinematics of the knee and ankle during overground locomotion. Lower extremity EMG (12 channels) was measured using multiple Biometrics Ltd DataLOG and SX230 EMG sensors.

Morgan Broennle, Derek Kivi, Carlos Zerpa; International Journal of Sports Science 2017, 7(3)

A Biometrics Ltd goniometer was attached to the movable arm of a Nautilus machine to ensure that each participant moved through a full range of motion.

Anthony Remaud, C?cile Thuong-Cong, Martin Bilodeau. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience January 2016, Volume 7, Article 257.

This study aims to identify the impact that age has on muscle control and fatigue. Each subject is instructed to follow the activity protocol using the modifie4d apparatus, a Biometrics Goniometer is placed on the ankle and this is connected to the DataLINK unit. Ankle Goniometer data is useful to determine each participant range of motion during exercise which will confirm their fatigue response, data is compared between older and younger subjects and discussed.

Jonathan Sinclair, Paul J. Taylor, Sarah J. Hobbs. Human Movement 2014, Volume 15 (1) 51-55

Biometrics Ltd Accelerometers are attached to the tibia of each subject prior to their completion of a set exercise programme. Accelerometer data is presented and analysed using a variety of statistical methods to determine how specific mechanisms can be identified from the data obtained. The importance of the data is discussed for future work relating to injury prevention in runners.

Susan S. McDonald, David Levine, Jim Richards, Lauren Aguilar. PeerJ 4:e 1667

This study utilises Biometrics Ltd Goniometers to quantify the range of motion for the finger and thumb joints of subjects utilising three modified utensil handles. All subjects are provided with an experimental protocol which allows for finger and thumb range of motion to be collected in triplicate under each test condition. Results are discussed and compared to determine the relationship between handle size and range of motion. The impact of this study is also briefly discussed under future work.

Erin V. Vasudevan, Susan K. Patrick, Jaynie F. Yang. PLoS ONE 11(12)

This study focuses on analysing and comparing gait data amongst infant subjects and adult subjects. Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are positioned over the knee and hip joints of the subjects before they are instructed to complete the gait activities. Results are presented and discussed to conclude the differences and similarities between human adult locomotion, human infant locomotion and the locomotion of a selection of quadrupedal animals.

Mehdi Delrobaei, Fariborz Rahimi, Mallory E. Jackman, S. Farokh Atashzar, Mahya Shahbazi, Rajni Patel, Mandar Jog. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (2016) 13:15

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are applied to the wrist, elbow and shoulder of subjects a Torsiometer is also positioned over the wrist joint. Each subject is instructed to follow a set of instructions which include writing/drawing on a platform set to determined angles. Goniometer data along with other measured parameters is collected and analysed to better understand the upper limb movement in patients suffering from writer?s cramp.

S. Gehrmann, T. Roeger, R. Kaufmann, A. Schaedle, T. L?gters, J. Windolf. The European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery (2016) 42:11=14

This study highlights the benefits of using Biometrics Goniometers to assess wrist functionality and recommends their usage over traditional Goniometers. Biometrics Goniometers are positioned over the wrist joint prior to study participants following a circumduction exercise schedule. Goniometer data is collected and compared with several questionnaire outcomes before results are discussed.

Caroline Ruschel, Elisa Dell?Antonio, Heilane de Brito Fontana, Alessandro Haupenthal, Marcel Hubert, Suzana Matheus Pereira, Helio Roesler. Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance.

This study focuses on comparing biomechanical data for a fixed movement carried out on dry land and underwater. Maximum flexion of the knee joint is measured using Biometrics Goniometers (waterproof), the Goniometer is applied prior to the activity and remains attached to the subject during the dry land and underwater conditions. Data is compared and discussed.

Hitoshi Kondo, Fujiko Someya. The Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28: 319-325 2016

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers and EMG sensors connected to the K800 unit are used to measure the dynamic movements of subjects while they complete a planned activity session. Data is recorded before and after hip strength training to determine the effect of training in results. Goniometer and EMG data is combined with ForcePlate data to provide a complete data set for all subjects during each phase of movement.

J. Sinclair, J. Toth, S. J. Hobbs. Kinesiology 45(2015)1:11-18

This study utilises acceleration data to help determine the optimum footwear when performing depth jumps. The Biometrics ACL300 Accelerometer is applied to the tibia of each subject to determine tibial acceleration during each movement; this data is combined with other measured parameters taken from subjects each wearing selected footwear to confirm if there is an ideal footwear option as well as determining the influence that footwear has on this jump.

H. Haberfehlner, H. Maas, J. Harlaar, l. E. Newsum, J. G. Becher, A. l. Buizer, R. T. Jaspers. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (2015) 12:67

This study focuses on assessing the precision of available knee-moment angle evaluation methods as well as determining the knee-moment angle characteristics in children suffering from spastic cerebral palsy. A Biometrics Ltd Goniometer is used to verify knee angles recorded throughout this study, Goniometer data along with other measured parameters is displayed and discussed to confirm if there are any significant findings in results taken from typically developing children and children with spastic cerebral palsy as well as the measurement error involved.

Md. T. l. Khan, T. Kurita. Biomedical Science and Engineering, 2015, Vo. 3, No. 1, 9-14

This study aims to determine if there is a significant difference in muscle activity between younger and older subjects and therefore if age is a contributing factor to knee joint functionality. Biometrics EMG sensors are used to record muscle activity of subjects and this data is presented, compared and discussed.

M. W. Coppieters, L. S. Anderson, R. Johansen, P. K. Giskegjerde, M. Hoivik, S. Vestre, R. J. Nee. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, Volume 45, Number 10, October 2015

This study analyses a selection of techniques used to determine range of motion, subjects are instructed to complete several exercises while measurements are recorded. Biometrics Goniometers verify the range of motion for each technique and this data is displayed and compared. Results are discussed to confirm their clinical significance.

F. Rahimi, O. Samotus, J. Lee, M. Jog. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements (N Y). 2015; 5: 348

The angular position of upper limb tremors is recorded by several Biometrics Goniometers and Torsiometers. This data is recorded for each subject periodically throughout the study which explores the effects of a treatment designed to relieve/reduce tremor in Parkinsons disease patients.

T.W. Nesser, N. Fleming, M. J. Gage. International Journal of Kinesiology & Sports Science, Vol. 3, No. 4; October 2015

Biometrics Goniometers are used in this study to identify phases of the movement cycle. Goniometers synchronously record joint angle data from the hip, knee and elbow of subjects during each exercise session. Data from other measured parameters is synchronised with this Goniometer data to identify at which phase in the movement cycle core muscles are activated and which exercises are best for core muscle training.

A. Saito, H. Akima. PLoS ONE October 21, 2015

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are fundamental in this study to ensure that a determined angle was reached and maintained throughout data collection. Data from other measured parameters is collected, compared and discussed; the Goniometers were used to control the knee joint angle to ensure a reliable and repeatable evaluation.

Shirley S. M. Fong, Y. T. Tam, Duncan J. Macfarlane, Shamay S. M. Ng, Young-Hyeon Bae, Eleanor W. Y. Chan, X. Guo. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015, Article iD: 910168

Biometrics Ltd surface EMG sensors are applied over the core muscles of subjects from two groups (individuals with and without an expert Kinesiology tape application); sensors are connected to the DataLOG unit which is subject worn via a belt around the waist. A variety of TRX exercises are performed and results are discussed to present a comparison between EMG RMS values from both subject groups (RMS data is calculated using the Biometrics DataLOG Analysis Software).

Anna Trulsson, Michael Miller, Gert-Ake Hansson, Christina Gummesson, Martin Garwicz. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2015, 16:28.

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers (SG150's) are used to collect knee flexion/extension data for this study assessing the effect of injury on movement, all subjects suffer from an anterior cruciate ligament injury on one side. Goniometer data is presented alongside other measured parameters to give a statistical analysis comparing the injured with the non-injured side.

Sylvie C. F. A. Von Werder, Tim Kleiber, Catherine Disselhorst-Klug. Frontiers in Physiology, February 2015, Volume 6, Article 30.

This study focuses on interpretation of surface EMG data; Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are used to provide the angular data corresponding to elbow flexion and extension movements performed by the subject population. A final discussion presents the differences of concentric/eccentric muscle activation when the elbow is in flexion/extension within determined angle ranges.

Seyed Mohsen Mir, Saeed Talebian, Nasrin Naseri, Mohammad-Reza Hadian. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2014 Oct; 26 (10): 1515-1518

Knee joint proprioception is analysed in this study on healthy subjects. Joint position sense (JPS) data collected using the Biometrics Ltd Goniometers, is used to analyse the stability of the knee joint. Throughout the duration of the study, subjects wearing Goniometers recreated determined joint angles to assess the relationship between joint angle and risk of injury.

Jae Yun Cha, Doo Chul Shin, Seung Ho Shin, Myung Mo Lee, Kyoung Jin Lee, Chang Ho Song. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2014 May; 26(5): 749-751

EMG data, collected using the Biometrics Ltd DataLOG unit, is used to assess core muscle activity of a subject population performing shoulder exercises. A variety of parameters were analysed to confirm whether or not the core muscles are affected by changes in surface stability or exercise intensity. The DataLOG unit recorded data from all of the identified core muscles simultaneously to allow for a statistical comparison.

Risa Iwasaki, Ginga Yokoyama, Satoshi Kawabata, Tomotaka Suzuki. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2014 Jan; 26(1): 57-61

This study aims to analyse the physical characteristics of subjects carrying out a lifting activity in order to contribute to information regarding the mechanism and development of low back pain. Two Biometrics Ltd Goniometers were applied at specific points along the backbone of each subject for the duration of the experiment. The effects of lifting with and without load are discussed and verified using Goniometer and muscle activity data.

Sutima Thibordeeand, Owrawan Prasartwuth. Chaing Mai University Journal of Natural Science (2014) Vol, 13(1)

This study aims to discover the relationship between the impact force of a kick and ankle joint motion. Joint angle is quantified using Biometrics Ltd Goniometers connected to the DataLOG unit, Goniometer data is discussed along with other measured parameters to identify three kick phases as well as the significant differences between kicks resulting in both high and low impact forces.

Ali Moradi, Reza Rajabi, Hooman Minoonejad, Marzieh Aghaei. Physical Treatments July 2014, Volume 4, Number 2.

Knee Goniometer data is fundamental in determining the relationship between stretching and knee joint position sense. Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are applied to the knee joint of each study participants who were instructed to recreate a specific knee joint angle before and after a period of stretching. Results are discussed and compared with existing research.

Thomas Heliskov-Hansenm Susanne Wulff Svendsen, Jane Fr?lund Thomsen, Sigurd Mikkelsen, Gert-Ake Hansson. PLoS ONE November 3, 2014

Bilateral wrist joint movements are recorded for a subject population containing an equal number of male and female participants all working in the painting industry. Biometrics Ltd SG75 Goniometers are used to record flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation of subjects completing a typical days' work. Questionnaire results are compared with the experimental statistics and discussed in order to confirm the differences between the two groups as well as the validity of the questionnaire used.

Aimola E, Valle MS, Casabona A. PLoS ONE 9(10) 2014

This muscle reflex/response study aims to confirm if the muscle activity required to move a determined weight can be predicted once the subject is familiar with the movement. A Biometrics Ltd F35 Goniometer is applied to quantify the finger joint movement during each sub-analysis involving the movement of known weight objects. Goniometer data along with other measured parameters is presented and discussed.

E Paul Zehr, Tsuyoshi Nakajima, Trevor Barss, Taryn Klarner, Stefanie Miklosovic, Rinaldo A Mezzarane, Matthew Nurse, Tomoyoshi Komiyama. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 2014, 6:33

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are used to verify the knee, hip and ankle joint throughout the duration of this Gait Analysis study. Goniometer data is collected and presented as a statistical comparison to determine the gait response when cutaneous electrical stimulation is applied to five foot muscles.

Nobuyoshi Hashimoto. Bulletin. Hiroshima Institute of Technology. Research Vol.49 (2015) 83-87

This study aims to determine the requirements of a welding simulator in order to reduce the risks involved with training inexperienced individuals. Subjects, including welding professionals and beginners, are instructed to perform several welding-based tasks while a Biometrics Ltd Goniometer, attached to the wrist, and Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors recorded valuable movement data. The data collected is presented along with the outcome of the welding tasks to confirm the significant differences between the two subject groups.

I-Husan Chen, Yea-Ru Yangm Shih-Jung Cheng, Rai-Chi Chan, Ray-Yau Wang. Chinese Journal of Physiology 57(3): 128-136, 2014

This study utilises data recorded from four Biometrics Ltd Goniometers placed bilaterally on the knee and ankle of study participants to quantify the joint angles of a turning movement. Goniometer data is presented along with other measured parameters to identify whether or not there is a pattern in patients post-stroke performing a turning movement and if there is a relationship between the turning direction and falls.

Ricci Hannah, Claire Minshull, Stephanie L. Smith, Jonathon P. Folland. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2013.

Joint stabilisation is monitored throughout this study by focusing on each phase of muscle activation. Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are used bilaterally on all study participants to quantify knee joint angle during flexion and extension. The Goniometer data is fundamental to determine joint angle when the hamstrings and quadriceps are active to confirm whether or not these muscles are balanced in regards to their respective explosive forces, the results are discussed to consider the importance of this study in terms of risk of knee injury.

John-Stuart Brittain, Penny Probert-Smith, Tipu Z. Aziz, Peter Brown. Current Biology 23, 436-440, March 4, 2013

Biometrics Ltd Accelerometers are used to assess tremor in patients suffering from tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease. The ACL300 Accelerometer was secured to each subject throughout the duration of the study which aims to determine the effect of TACS stimulation frequency on tremor. A secondary experiment confirms the relationship between stimulation frequency and tremor which is discussed further.

Patricia Teran-Yengle, H. John Yack. 2013. XXIV Congress of the International society of Biomechanics. XV Brazilian Congress of Biomechanics.

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers were placed on the knees of study participants, this study aimed to collect knee extension data for a target population over a 6-10 hour period. The Biometrics Ltd DataLOG unit was used to allow for complete data acquisition (save to card mode) while the subjects carried out a typical 'work' day. Data was analysed post collection to quantify knee range of motion and knee extension changes when participating in different activities.

J. Marchi, D. Blana, E. K. Chadwick. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing

This study aims to determine the mobility and stability differences amongst subjects having experienced shoulder dislocation. Biometrics Ltd. EMG sensors are applied over multiple muscle locations while study participants complete an exercise protocol. EMG data is recorded and discussed to show that the difference in response between previously injured and non-injured individuals is significant.

Chet R. Whitley, Janet S. Dufek 2011. International Journal of Exercise Science 4(3) 2011 p192-198

Study participants were instructed to complete a backward walking programme in order to document the effects this would have. A Biometrics Ltd SG150/B Goniometer was placed on each subject's lower back to document their lower back-range of motion over the experimental period. After the experimental period, the range of motion data combined with the flexibility data of individual participants is presented and discussed.

C P Miller, J E Bible, K A Jegede, P G Whang, J N Grauer; Spine 2010, 35(26) E1546-E1552

This study used a dynamic motion analysis system comprised of" Biometrics Ltd DataLOG, Goniometer, Torsiometer, and Analysis Software. "This system allows for the accurate calculation of the flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation of the cervical spine.""

A Roy, HI Krebs, DJ Williams, CT Bever, LW Forrester, RM Macko, N Hogan; IEEE Transactions On Robotics Vol 25 No 3 June 2009

Biometrics Ltd SG110 Goniometer used to validate accuracy of ankle angle on a robotic ankle rehabilitation system.

A Browne, J Healy, L O'Sullivan; J Appl Biomech 2008 Feb 24(1) 43-50

Biometrics ACL300 used to measure slip force of an object as it was dropped.

P Piriyaprasarth, M Morris, A Winter, A Bialocerkowski; Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008, 9:6

This study examined the inter- and intra-tester reliability of knee joint angle measurements using a Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer. The clinical utility of electrogoniometry was also addressed. Data was collected using the Biometrics Ltd DataLOG and analyzed using Biometrics Ltd Analysis Software.

Sweta Malhotra, Elizabeth Cousins, Anthony Ward, Charles Day, Peter Jones, Christine Roffe, Anand Pandyan; Clinical Rehabilitation 2008; 22: 1105-1115

Spasticity is measured at the wrist flexors of stroke patients using a combination of Biometrics Ltd EMG probes and Goniometers along with a force transducer connected to the Biometrics Ltd DataLINK unit. Force, range of motion and muscle activity were measured simultaneously during patient exercise in order to confirm the relationship between biomechanical, clinical and neurophysiological measurements necessary to best manage and assess spasticity.

CS Moriguchi, TO Sato, HJC Coury; Revista Brasileria de Fisioterapia 2007, vol 11, no 3

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer connected to a Biometrics Ltd datalogger was used to evaluate ankle movements of healthy individuals walking on a treadmill.

S Kasahara, J Ebata, M Takahashi; Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2007; 19:251-256

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repeated one-leg heel-rise test method of ankle plantar flexion in MMT with kinematic measuring devices and EMG. Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to monitor ankle and knee movements during the test.

Todd M. Thomas, Denis J. Marcellin-Little, Simon C. Roe, B. Duncan X. Lascelles, Bess P. Brosey. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol67, No. 12, December 2006

This study aims to confirm the differences between measuring joint angle using two Goniometer types; results undergo a final verification step with the help of radiography data. The Biometrics Ltd Goniometer represents one of the Goniometer types and is held against the specified joint of each subject (dog) in order to record the maximum flexion and extension of the joint, this is repeated using the alternate Goniometer. Results are compared within a statistical analysis and discussed.

M Pierre, K Genc, M Litow, B Humphreys, A Rice, C Maender, P Cavanaugh; Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2006, 3:8

Custom made Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were incorporated into a custom built Lower Extremity Monitoring Suit to monitor knee movement in the same subjects on earth and then in space aboard the International Space Station.

J Huddleston, A Alaiti, D Goldvasser, D Scarborough, a Freiberg, H Rubash, H Malchau, W Harris, D Krebs

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation; Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure bilateral knee flexion angles for periods of 7-24 hours.

PJ Rowe, CM Myles, R Nutton; Journal of Orthopedic Surgery 2005, 13(2):131-138

This study used Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers to evaluate active and functional knee excursion of patients before and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to determine whether TKA restores quality of life related to functional activities of daily living.

JH Chang, HY Hsu, FC Su; Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering 2005, 25(1): 33-37

Wrist pain is a common complaint in hand clinics. Flexible electro-goniometry offers a convenient method to investigate joint kinematics in clinical environment. Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer was used to measure wrist circumduction in injured subjects.

T Wakahara, J Ushiyama, H Kanehisa, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga; International Journal of Sport and Health Science 2005, vol 3, 75-82

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure the angles of ankle (SG110A) and knee (SG150) joints in this study of lower extremity biomechanics.

PC Kao, D Ferris; Motor Control 2005, 9:144-163

Six Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to record hip, knee, and ankle joint angles bilaterally.

ZM Li, S Dun, D Harkness, T Brininger; Motor Control 2004, 8, 1-15

The purpose of this study was to examine motion enslaving characteristics of multiple fingers during isolated flexion of the distal interphalangeal joints. Four Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers connected to a Biometrics Ltd K100 were used to measure the angular motion of the joints.

GA Hansson, I Balogh, K Ohlsson, S Skerfving; Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 2004, 14:355-367

A Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer and Torsiometer were mounted in a jig to simulate the biomechanics of the wrist and forearm.

H Huang, D Ferris; Journal of Applied Physiology 2004, 97:1299-1308

In this study Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure bilateral hip, knee and ankle movements.

HG Coury, R Padula; Clinical Biomechanics 2002, 17:309-311

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer and instrumentation used in this study to compare two groups of workers with and without upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms when simulating handling tasks, regarding trunk movements and load support.

PJ Rowe, CM Myles, SJ Hillmann, ME Hazlewood; Physiotherapy Sept 2001, vol 87, no9 :479-488

The measurement of the Biometrics Ltd flexible electrogoniometer were investigated using a series of controlled experiments including comparison to a TV motion analysis system while measuring knee movement during gait.

Movement of the knee in osteoarthritis: the use of electrogoniometry to assess function

This study 50 patients with knee osteoarthritis using Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers concluded: 'Electrogoniometry is relatively inexpensive, can be performed in a normal clinical setting with minimal inconvenience to the patient, and may prove to be a valuable objective tool for comparative evaluation of different prostheses or surgical techniques for total knee replacement.?

P Szuic, J Lewandowski, B Marecki; Medical Science Monitor 2000, 7(2): 312-315

In this study Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer was used as the accurate and reliable measurement to validate knee position measurements with a universal Goniometer.

R Ferguson, P Aagaard, D Ball, A Sargeant, J Bangsbo; Journal of Applied Physiology 2000, 89:1912-1918

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to for continuous measurement of knee joint angle and the angle between the lower limb and the connecting bar attached to the pedal arm of an ergometer.

E Varraine, M Bonnard, J Pailhous; Experimental Brain Research 2000, 130:248-257

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure bilateral hip, knee and ankle movements and posture.

J Yang, M Stephens, R Vishram; The Journal of Physiology 1998

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure the hip movement in infants 3-10 months of age.

K Rome, F Cowieson; Foot Ankle International 1996, Vol 17, No. 1, pp 28-32

This study investigated the reliability of three Goniometers, the universal, fluid, and Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers, in the measurement of ankle dorsiflexion. Intra- and interobserver reliability were assessed using 10 healthy volunteers and five observers. The results demonstrate that when using a highly standardized procedure, the flexible electrogoniometer was within an accepted criterion for reliability, suggesting good intra device reliability.

M Rawes, J Richardson, J Dias; Journal of Hand Surgery - British and European Volume 1996 21B(5): 600-603

A new electrogoniometer technique, using a Biometrics ltd electrogoniometer, is described for the measurement of wrist movements, including circumduction, with the results being displayed as figures. Clinical validation was performed and the system found to be highly accurate and reliable.

P Ball, G Johnson; Clinical Biomechanics 1993; 8: 13-19

This paper describes the use of an Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer for clinical assessment of subtalar motion and examines the important aspects of the clinical procedure.

H Ojima, S Miyake, M Kumashiro, H Togami, S Meng, K Suzuki; Clinical Biomechanics 1991; 6: no 4; 221-229

This paper shows the reliability and validity of Biometrics Ltd biaxial electrogoniometric analysis in the quantification of wrist circumduction. The reliability tests demonstrated sufficient accuracy of the device. Also, validity of the measurement was recognized because the tests simulating wrist circumduction and cineradiography revealed that it could accurately detect the angle between the long axis of the forearm and the third metacarpal bone.

A Nicol; Clinical Rehabilitation 1989, 3: 1-9

This paper is about the development of the Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer and its clinical applications: The device is very lightweight and the electrogoniometers can be worn beneath clothing, so the subject can move without inhibition. ...Tests using angular motion of the hip and knee joints...assessment of gait ...gait of amputees and patients cerebral palsy...assessing the postoperative performance of arthritic patients receiving the Souter-Strathclyde elbow prosthesis. It can be seen that electrogoniometers can provide information otherwise not available in a clinical environment.

P Rowe, A Nicol, I Kelly; Clinical Biomechanics 1988, 4:68-72

Biometrics Ltd flexible electrogoniometers were used to record the motion of both hips and knees in total hip replacement patients. Four flexible electrogoniometers are used to measure the flexion-extension angles of both hips and both knees. The electrogoniometer system has proved capable of quantifying the functional status of hip replacement patients simply and economically within the clinical environment.