Research Using Biometrics Ltd Sensors and Instrumentation in USA

Pring, Noah A.; Solomon, Stacy L.; Obrien, Andy; Conners, Ryan T.; and Whitehead, Paul N. (2021) "The Effect of Shin-Torso Alignment on Muscle Activity and Joint Angles of the Lower Extremity in Collegiate Ice Hockey Players," International Journal of Exercise Science: Vol. 14 : Iss. 1, Pages 552 - 562.

The purpose of this study was to measure muscle activation patterns and joint angle changes of the lower extremity in ice hockey players, during three different simulated skating positions, in order to determine the optimal position to minimize muscle fatigue and reduce injuries. Eight Biometrics Ltd DataLITE Wireless EMG sensors were used to measure the muscle activity in the quadriceps, hamstrings, and low back while DataLITE Wireless Goniometers measured the angles of the hip, knee and ankle joints.

Andrea Brandt, Helen Huang

Biometrics Ltd K800 Amplifier and EMG sensors connected to Vicon Motion Capture System measured symetry of gait in patients with powered knee prosthesis walking on treadmills.

Hendrik Adriaan Dewald, Platon Lukyanenko, Joris M. Lambrecht, James Robert Anderson, Dustin J. Tyler, Robert F. Kirsch, Matthew R. Williams

Biometrics Ltd K800 Amplifier with Goniometers and Torsiometers measured kinematic data of the intact arm and hand to map the movement to coresponding movement in the VR hand. This was then mirrored and the the VR image controlled by the myoelectric prosthesis.

MeredithMcQuerry

Range of motion measurements taken with Biometrics LTD DataLOG and Goniometers in this comparison between male and female firefighters assessing the fit and function of their special protective gear.

I-LingYeh, Naveen Elangovan, Rebecca Feczer, Sanaz Khosravani, Arash, Mahnan, Jurgen Konczak

Vibration damping technology in tennis racquets was evaluated using Biometrics Ltd DataLOG, EMG sensors and ACL300 accelerometer.

Lauren Yaeger. UTC Scholar, Honors Theses

Finger joint ROM (range of motion) was measured is patients with rheumatoid arthritis using a Biometrics Ltd F35 Electrogoniometer in this study of adaptive utensils.

Hamidreza Mokhtarinia, Javad Ghamary, Azam Maleki-Ghahfarokhi, Morteza Asgari, Charles Philip Gabel, Mohamad Parnianpour. Health Promotion Perspectives, 2019, 9(2), 115-122

Para-spinal muscle activity was maesured using Biometrics Ltd DataLINK and EMG sensors to evaluate the effectiveness of a new design back support compared to perfoming the same tasks without the support.

Nicole Kowalski, Dustin L Crouch. University of Tennessee, Knoxville

This comparison between controlling a neural-machine interface by EMG vs Goniometers (using Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers) showed is was easier for the subjects to complete the goniometer-driven test than the EMG-driven test.

Casey D. Garces

This ergonomic study used Biometrics Ltd DataLOG and EMG sensors to measure the upper extremity.

Blair Hu, Elliot Rouse, Levi Hargrove

This benchmark dataset of lower extremity measurements utilized the Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers for the joint kinematics of the knee and ankle.

Mansoo Ko, Matthew Cole, Rachel Vinyard

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of aging on the dynamic balance of gait initiation between healthy elderly adults anad young adults. The following parameters were extracted from the Biometrics Ltd EMG: amplitude of peak muscle contraction and rates of force generation.

Justin A. Brantley, Trieu Phat Luu, Sho Nakagome, Fangshi Zhu & Jose L. Contreras-Vidal

This dataset includes lower extremity EMG data collected using a Biometrics Ltd DataLOG portable EMG system.

Kiana Kia, Jonathan Sisley, Peter W.Johnson, Jeong Ho Kim

A Biometrics Ltd SG75 goniometer was used to measure wrist flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation in this study of various travel keyboards.

Recep A. Ozdemira, Jose L. Contreras-Vidalb, William H. Paloski

Biometrics Ltd DataLOG EMG system was used to measure the lower extremity muscle activity during dynamic posturography with elderly subjects.

Abidemi Bolu Ajiboye, Francis R. Willett, Daniel R. Young, William D. Memberg, Brian A. Murphy, Jonathan P. Miller, Benjamin L. Walter, Jennifer A. Sweet, Harry A. Hoyen, Michael W. Keith, Paul Hunter Peckham, John D. Simeral, John P. Donoghue, Leigh R. H

Wrist, elbow, and hand aperture movements were qualified using Biometrics Ltd Electrogoniometers during muscle stimulation with fine wire electrodes.

Sho Nakagome, Trieu Phat Luu, Justin A. Brantley, Jose L. Contreras-Vidal

This is the first study to show offline continuous decoding of the EMG envelope during overgroung walking on multiple terrains. Lower extremity EMG (12 channels) was measured using multiple Biometrics Ltd DataLOG and SX230 EMG sensors.

Justin A. Brantley, Trieu Phat Luu, Sho Nakagome, Jose L. Contreras-Vidal

This study is the first to demonstrate that continous EMG can be used to predict the joint kinematics of the knee and ankle during overground locomotion. Lower extremity EMG (12 channels) was measured using multiple Biometrics Ltd DataLOG and SX230 EMG sensors.

Michael N. Poppo, Emily M. McCain, Taylor J.M. Dick, Katherine R. Saul, Gregory S. Sawicki; 41st Annual Meeting of the Americal Society of Biomechanics, Boulder CO, USA 2017

A Biometrics Ltd EMG system was used to collect the data in this study of assistive walking exoskeletons.

Reva E. Johnson, Konrad P. Kording, Levi J. Hargrove, Jonathon W. Sensinger; Plos ONE 12(3): e0170473, https://doi.org/10.1317/journal.pone.0170473

In this study, the non-amputee subjects used elbowextension to move a cursor with different control interfaces. A Biometrics Ltd goniometer was used to measure the elbow angle in the joint angle control interface.

Stephen P. Estes, Jennifer A. Iddings,Edelle C. Field-Fote; Frontiers in Neurology, February 2017, Volume 8, Article 17

Biometrics Ltd SG150 goniometer connected to a third party EMG system was used a part of the quantification of lower extremity spasticity in spinal cord injury patients pre and post 4 different non-pharmacological interventions.

Susan S. McDonald, David Levine, Jim Richards, Lauren Aguilar. PeerJ 4:e 1667

This study utilises Biometrics Ltd Goniometers to quantify the range of motion for the finger and thumb joints of subjects utilising three modified utensil handles. All subjects are provided with an experimental protocol which allows for finger and thumb range of motion to be collected in triplicate under each test condition. Results are discussed and compared to determine the relationship between handle size and range of motion. The impact of this study is also briefly discussed under future work.

Yukiko Nakamura, Masaaki Tsuruike, Todd S. Ellenbecker. Journal of Athletic Training 2016;51 (4)

Biometrics Goniometers are placed over the elbow joint of each subject and an activity schedule is followed. The Goniometer data is used to determine the motion of the entire arm, this is essential during the post-data acquisition analysis to verify specific movement phases across all test subjects. The relationship between exercise and muscle activation is confirmed and discussed.

Erin V. Vasudevan, Susan K. Patrick, Jaynie F. Yang. PLoS ONE 11(12)

This study focuses on analysing and comparing gait data amongst infant subjects and adult subjects. Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are positioned over the knee and hip joints of the subjects before they are instructed to complete the gait activities. Results are presented and discussed to conclude the differences and similarities between human adult locomotion, human infant locomotion and the locomotion of a selection of quadrupedal animals.

Heidi M. Schambra, R. Todd Ogden, Isis E. Martinez-Hern?ndez, Xuejing Lin, Y. Brenda Chang, Asif Rahman, Dylan J. Edwards, John W. Krakauer. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 9:335

Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors and Pinchmeter connected to the K800 are used in this study to determine upper limb functionality of subjects during TMS procedures. The aim of this study is to categorise TMS measures to the point where subjects/patients can be separated into discrete categories. Results are presented and discussed to confirm the reliability of the measures under analysis.

F. Lunardini, S. Maggioni, C. Casellato, M. Bertucco, A. L. G. Pedrocchi, T. D. Sanger. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (2015) 12:52

An 8 channel Biometrics EMG system is used to determine the upper limb muscle activity used to complete a drawing task. The subject population comprises children suffering from dystonia as well as healthy age-matched individuals. Results are presented and discussed to help characterise and better understand motor performance in children with dystonia.

A. E. Westbrook, G. S. Sawicki

This study utilises Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors for gait analysis with biofeedback. Muscle activity is used to trigger an audible and vibrational alarm to both reward and help correct the subject under test conditions. Results are discussed and conclude that this setup could positively impact rehabilitation practice if used regularly in impaired populations.

T.W. Nesser, N. Fleming, M. J. Gage. International Journal of Kinesiology & Sports Science, Vol. 3, No. 4; October 2015

Biometrics Goniometers are used in this study to identify phases of the movement cycle. Goniometers synchronously record joint angle data from the hip, knee and elbow of subjects during each exercise session. Data from other measured parameters is synchronised with this Goniometer data to identify at which phase in the movement cycle core muscles are activated and which exercises are best for core muscle training.

Alexander Opitz, Wynn Legon, Jerel Mueller, Aaron Barbour, Walter Paulus, William J. Tyler. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2014; 8: 1043.

Surface EMG is monitored throughout this study, to quantify the intensity of electrical pulses, using the Biometrics Ltd surface EMG sensor connected to the Biometrics Ltd K800 Amplifier. This surface EMG data is presented alongside EEG data from each experimental setup and the results are discussed.

Megan O. Conrad, Richard W. Marklin. J Ergonomics. Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorder 2014, S4:006

Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors are used to quantify which of the two Motorcycle clutch designs tested are the easiest to use. Muscle fatigue data is calculated within the DataLINK Analysis software by applying the Median Frequency filter to the raw EMG data. Muscle fatigue data is presented along with other measured parameters and discussed, the study concludes that muscle fatigue data is fundamental to assess the ergonomics of similar controls.

Reva E. Johnson, Konrad P. Kording, Levi J. Hargrove, Jonathon W. Sensinger. Fronteirs in Neuroscience 2014; 8: 302

This study aims to determine the relationship between prosthesis control and adaptation behaviour. Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are used to quantify joint angle data for the angle control analysis portion of the experiment. Data from this study suggests that skilled and co-ordinated movement is possible with improved prosthesis control systems.

Amir Pourmoghaddam, Marius Dettmer, Daniel P. O'Conner, William H. Paloski, Charles S. Layne. Parkinson's disease Volume 2015, Article iD: 497825

Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors were applied to the subject population throughout the duration of this study. EMG sensors were connected to the DataLINK unit where data was exported and analysed using the SYNERGOS technique. All study participants were in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, EMG data was collected before and after taking an anti-Parkinsonian medication so that the relationship between muscle activation and medication can be determined and discussed.

Evanda Henry, Stephanie Richmond, Nashrag Shah, Arijit Sengupta. The XXVIth Annual Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference - El Paso TX, June 5-6, 2014

This study focuses on comparing subject-rated comfort scores with quantified EMG measurements in order to determine the most ergonomical stylus grip. EMG data from Biometrics Ltd EMG electrodes connected to the DataLINK unit are used in this study, all data is analysed using the Biometrics Ltd DataLINK Analysis Software and presented in the results section. This study confirms that EMG data alone is not the only factor contributing to comfort scores.

Patricia Teran-Yengle, H. John Yack. 2013. XXIV Congress of the International society of Biomechanics. XV Brazilian Congress of Biomechanics.

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers were placed on the knees of study participants, this study aimed to collect knee extension data for a target population over a 6-10 hour period. The Biometrics Ltd DataLOG unit was used to allow for complete data acquisition (save to card mode) while the subjects carried out a typical 'work' day. Data was analysed post collection to quantify knee range of motion and knee extension changes when participating in different activities.

Caroline C. Allen, Katie A. Dean, Alan P. Jung, John K. Petrella. 2013 International Journal of Exercise Science 278-288

A multitude of Biometrics ltd sensors are used to conduct this muscle activity study. Subjects (all male) were instructed to perform two different types of push-up, each push-up was performed with the participants' hands on separate Biometrics Ltd ForcePlates. EMG sensors were attached to upper body muscles and both the ForcePlates and EMG sensors were connected to the DataLOG unit. Results are presented comparing the 'regular' push-up with the learned 'perfect' push-up.

Adam de Laveaga, Michael C. Wadman, Laura Wirth and M. Susan Hallbeck. Work 41 (2012) 4692-4698

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers, Torsiometers and EMG sensors were simultaneously used during this study. All sensors were connected to the DataLINK unit and data was analysed using the DataLINK analysis software. Subjects were instructed to complete several tasks to do with endotracheal intubation; a simulator was used and adjusted to monitor the effects of changing intubation posture.

Bernadette McCrorya, Bethany R. Lowndesa, Laura M. Wirtha, Adam E. de Laveagaa, Chad A. LaGrangeb and M. Susan Hallbeck. Work 41 (2012) 1884-1890

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers (SG65 and SG110) were applied to each subject's dominant wrist and elbow. A surgical simulator set up was used in order to document wrist flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation during LESS (Laproendoscopic Single-Site Surgery). The Goniometers were connected to the Biometrics Ltd DataLINK unit, all data was analysed using the DataLINK analysis software.

Chet R. Whitley, Janet S. Dufek 2011. International Journal of Exercise Science 4(3) 2011 p192-198

Study participants were instructed to complete a backward walking programme in order to document the effects this would have. A Biometrics Ltd SG150/B Goniometer was placed on each subject's lower back to document their lower back-range of motion over the experimental period. After the experimental period, the range of motion data combined with the flexibility data of individual participants is presented and discussed.

Timothy A Thrasher, John S Ward, Stanley Fisher 2011. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2011, 8:65

Eight Biometrics Ltd Surface EMG sensors are positioned on the lower limbs of each study participant; all sensors were connected to the DataLOG unit including foot switches (inside the subjects' shoes). An exercise protocol is followed including treadmill walking so that a complete gait analysis data set is acquired. This data is manipulated post data acquisition in order to identify rhythmic locomotor patterns.

Rick Hall 2011. Focus on Tomorrow. WorkSafeBC

This study aims to quantify the forces that nurse uses when administering treatment, a comparison between traditional syringes and a prototype syringe is documented. A variety of Biometrics Ltd sensors are simultaneously connected to the DataLOG unit, F35 Goniometers are placed on the fingers while the SG65 is attached to the wrist. Flexiforce sensors are also used with the DataLOG unit, all angle and force data is captured using the DataLOG software. Study participants were instructed to follow the test protocol using each syringe so that results could be compared and discussed.

Charles Coey, Manuel Varlet, R.C. Schmidt, Michael J. Richardson. 2011. Experimental Brain Research (2011) 211:483-493

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are used in this study to document angular wrist changes of two coordination-based experiments. All participants were instructed to carry out 'pendulum swinging' experiments in order to monitor the effects of coordination while under two different test conditions. The Goniometer data is used to present a statistical analysis of the two experiments so that a relationship between interpersonal coordination and intrapersonal coordination.

B Ezenwa, HT Yeoh; Journal Of Rehabilitation Research & Development Volume 48, Number 2, 2011 pages 179 - 190

Biometrics Ltd Accelerometer ACL300 and DataLog with analysis software were used in this study of use of vibration to improve bone density.

C P Miller, J E Bible, K A Jegede, P G Whang, J N Grauer; Spine 2010, 35(26) E1546-E1552

This study used a dynamic motion analysis system comprised of" Biometrics Ltd DataLOG, Goniometer, Torsiometer, and Analysis Software. "This system allows for the accurate calculation of the flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation of the cervical spine.""

David T Felson, K Douglas Gross, Michael C Nevitt, Mei Yang, Nancy E Lane, James C Torner, Cora E Lewis, Michael V Hurley. 2009. Arthritis Care and Research Volume 61, Issue 8, pages 1070-1076

All participants of this study either suffered with osteoarthritis in the knee joint or were at high risk of it. Biometrics Ltd Goniometers were attached to the right knee of the subject population in order to document results from the analysis. A guided knee joint angle was held for a predetermined time and recorded, the participants were instructed to recreate this angle from memory and communicate pain ratings. Goniometer data was then combined with radiographic grades.

A Roy, HI Krebs, DJ Williams, CT Bever, LW Forrester, RM Macko, N Hogan; IEEE Transactions On Robotics Vol 25 No 3 June 2009

Biometrics Ltd SG110 Goniometer used to validate accuracy of ankle angle on a robotic ankle rehabilitation system.

S Lauer, R Hillman, L Li, G Hosgood; American Journal of Veterinary Research 2009, vol 70, no 5, pp 658-664

Biometrics Ltd Surface EMG sensors, electrogoniometers, contact switches and data acquisition instrumentation were used in this study to determine the effect of various levels of treadmill incline on the muscle activity and joint position/movement in healthy dogs.

Chenchen Wang, Christopher H Schmid, Patricia L Hibberd, Robert Kalih, Ronenn Roubenoff, Ramel Rones, Aghogho Okparavero, Timothy McAlindon. 2008 BNC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 9:108

This paper details a design protocol for testing treatment of knee osteoarthritis amongst patients. One of the analyses conducted includes applying a Biometrics Ltd Goniometer to the knee joint, patients are guided to a specific angle and then asked to recreate it from memory. The main objective here is to conclude that patients whom regularly practice Tai Chi will have reduced symptoms of osteoarthritis which will have subsequent benefits such as an enhanced quality of life.

A Browne, J Healy, L O'Sullivan; J Appl Biomech 2008 Feb 24(1) 43-50

Biometrics ACL300 used to measure slip force of an object as it was dropped.

C Wang, C Schmid, P Hibberd, R Kalish, R Roubenoff, R Rones, A Okparavero, T McAlindon; Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008, 9:108

This study examines the effects of a 12 week Tai Chi program compared with an attention control (wellness education and stretching) on pain, functional capacity, psychosocial variables, joint proprioception and health status in elderly people with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Knee proprioception, which is reduced in KOA was measured using a Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer with a Biometrics Ltd ADU301 angle display unit during each assessment visit.

T Jones, S Kumar; NORA Proceedings 2007 p103 -110

Biometrics Ltd Goniometer and Torsiometer used to measure motion of the wrist and forearm whilst subjects hammered saws.

T Kline, B Schmidt, D Kamper; Brain 2007, 130(1):159-169

Joint angles of the digits of the impaired hand and angle measurements of the elbow joint on the impaired side were measured with Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers in this study of patterns of interlimb coupling in ten stroke survivors with chronic hand impairment.

A Trejo, MC Jung, D Oleynikov, MS Hallbeck; Applied Ergonomics 2007, 38: 745-753

One of the main ergonomic problems associated with laparoscopy is the surgeon's non-neutral position during surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate a laparoscopic tool design by examining the effects of hand posture, target position and monitor angle on physical workload and operation efficiency during both insertion and aim tasks. Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure wrist and elbow position. Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors were used to measure muscle activity in forearm and upper arm muscles.

P Jonsson, P Johnson, M Hagberg; Ergonomics 2007, vol 50, issue 5, pg 647-659

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and feasibility of using a Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer for measuring simple thumb movements and concluded that electrogoniometers have utility for studying thumb movements during mobile phone use and may be used to evaluate other thumb-based input devices.

Todd M. Thomas, Denis J. Marcellin-Little, Simon C. Roe, B. Duncan X. Lascelles, Bess P. Brosey. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol67, No. 12, December 2006

This study aims to confirm the differences between measuring joint angle using two Goniometer types; results undergo a final verification step with the help of radiography data. The Biometrics Ltd Goniometer represents one of the Goniometer types and is held against the specified joint of each subject (dog) in order to record the maximum flexion and extension of the joint, this is repeated using the alternate Goniometer. Results are compared within a statistical analysis and discussed.

M Pierre, K Genc, M Litow, B Humphreys, A Rice, C Maender, P Cavanaugh; Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2006, 3:8

Custom made Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were incorporated into a custom built Lower Extremity Monitoring Suit to monitor knee movement in the same subjects on earth and then in space aboard the International Space Station.

M Holubar, M Rice; Australian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2006, 53:35-42

This study aimed to maintain the purposefulness of the occupation - the entire movement of placing the coffee mug on the shelf. The data was collected by using a Biometrics Ltd electronic Goniometer attached across the elbow of the dominant limb.

J Huddleston, A Alaiti, D Goldvasser, D Scarborough, a Freiberg, H Rubash, H Malchau, W Harris, D Krebs

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation; Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure bilateral knee flexion angles for periods of 7-24 hours.

K Saremi, J Marehbian, X Yan, JP Regnaux, R Elashoff, B Bussel, B Dobkin; Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2006, 20(2)

A biomechanical model was used to compute lower extremity joint kinematics over a short walkway. Surface EMG was acquired with the (Biometrics Ltd) DataLOG system using 8 (Biometrics Ltd) SX230 EMG sensors and analysed using (Biometrics Ltd) version 3 Analysis Software.

G Sawicki, A Domingo, D Ferris; Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2006, 3:3

The goal of this study was to test the effects of robotic assistance in subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury using pneumatic powered ankle-foot orthoses. Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure bilateral ankle, knee, and hip movement.

L Carey, D Abbott, G Egan, J Bernhardt, G Donnan; Stroke 2005, 36:625-629

In this study finger tapping ability was used as one of the parameters to quantify recovery following stroke. Biometrics Ltd finger Goniometers were used to measure the range of active flexion-extension movement of the MCP joint of the index finger.

S Lehericy, H Benali, PF Van de Moortele, M Pelegrini-Issac, T Waechter, k Ugurbil, J Doyon; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2005, vol 102, no 35

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer and ADU 301 Angle Display Unit were used to measure the amplitude of the subjects' finger movements before and after training in this study of changes to brain function during the explicit learning of a sequence of finger movements over a month of training.

J Petrella, JS Kim, C Tuggle, S Hall, M Bamman; Journal of Applied Physiology 2005, 98:211-220

The purposes of this study were to examine age and gender differences in knee extension strength, power, and fatigue using open- and closed-chain testing procedures. Knee position and flexion/extension movement was measured using Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers and neural activity of the right knee extensors was measured for each of three superficial quadriceps muscles using Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors. EMG were digitized at 1000 Hz and electrogoniometer inputs at 500 Hz, and data from each input were analyzed simultaneously using Biometrics Ltd DataLINK with software version 2.0.

PC Kao, D Ferris; Motor Control 2005, 9:144-163

Six Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to record hip, knee, and ankle joint angles bilaterally.

M Wise, T Uhl, C Mattacola, A Nitz, W Kiber; Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2004, Vol 13, No 6

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in demands on glenohumeral musculature during unsupported and supported active range of motion (AROM) shoulder exercises. Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer was used to measure shoulder range of motion of each exercise.

ZM Li, S Dun, D Harkness, T Brininger; Motor Control 2004, 8, 1-15

The purpose of this study was to examine motion enslaving characteristics of multiple fingers during isolated flexion of the distal interphalangeal joints. Four Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers connected to a Biometrics Ltd K100 were used to measure the angular motion of the joints.

H Huang, D Ferris; Journal of Applied Physiology 2004, 97:1299-1308

In this study Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure bilateral hip, knee and ankle movements.

K Babski-Reeves, L Crumption-Young; Ergonomics 2003, vol 46, no 7, 747-759

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers and instrumentation was used in this ergonomics study of 53 workers in a fish processing facility.

J R Goldsmith, R H Lidtke, S Shott; Journal Of American Podiatric Medical Association Vol 92 No 9 October 2002

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers used to measure ankle joint position prior to and during exercise therapy to increase joint mobility and reduce plantar pressures in diabetic patients.

R Burnett, D Laidlaw, R Enoka; Journal of Applied Physiology 2000, 89:61-71

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between steadiness and activation of the agonist and antagonist muscles during isometric and anisometric contractions. Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer and K100 amplifier were used measure the index finger abduction/adduction as part of the quantification of the steadiness.

K Rome, F Cowieson; Foot Ankle International 1996, Vol 17, No. 1, pp 28-32

This study investigated the reliability of three Goniometers, the universal, fluid, and Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers, in the measurement of ankle dorsiflexion. Intra- and interobserver reliability were assessed using 10 healthy volunteers and five observers. The results demonstrate that when using a highly standardized procedure, the flexible electrogoniometer was within an accepted criterion for reliability, suggesting good intra device reliability.

Implications for Splint Design; N Weiss, L Gordon, T Bloom, Y So, D Rempel; Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1995 Vol 77-A, No. 11, pp 1695-1699

To determine the position of the wrist that results in the lowest carpal tunnel pressure, twenty control subjects and four patients who had carpal tunnel syndrome were evaluated with use of a new, dynamic method that continuously measures carpal tunnel pressure throughout the range of motion of the wrist. A Biometrics Ltd two-axis electrogoniometer was used to measure continuously the flexion or extension angle as well as the radial or ulnar deviation of the wrist.