Research Using Biometrics Ltd Sensors and Instrumentation for Clinical Measurements

Yukiko Nakamura, Masaaki Tsuruike, Todd S. Ellenbecker. Journal of Athletic Training 2016;51 (4)

Biometrics Goniometers are placed over the elbow joint of each subject and an activity schedule is followed. The Goniometer data is used to determine the motion of the entire arm, this is essential during the post-data acquisition analysis to verify specific movement phases across all test subjects. The relationship between exercise and muscle activation is confirmed and discussed.

Michelle Griffin, Ibrahim Roushdi, Liza Osagie, Sonja Cerovac, Shamim Umarji. American Association for Hand Surgery 2016

The Biometrics Ltd Dynamometer is used to measure the grip strength of the subject population. All subjects have suffered a Perilunate dislocation and this study aims to determine a valid method of assessing wrist function following surgical intervention. Grip strength results along with other measured parameters are documented for the injured and non-injured hand for comparison.

S. Gehrmann, T. Roeger, R. Kaufmann, A. Schaedle, T. L?gters, J. Windolf. The European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery (2016) 42:11=14

This study highlights the benefits of using Biometrics Goniometers to assess wrist functionality and recommends their usage over traditional Goniometers. Biometrics Goniometers are positioned over the wrist joint prior to study participants following a circumduction exercise schedule. Goniometer data is collected and compared with several questionnaire outcomes before results are discussed.

P. K. Thain, C. M. Bleakley, A. C. S. Mitchell. Journal of Athletic Training

Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors (connected to the DataLlNK unit) are used to record muscle activity throughout this study. Each participant is subjected to a simulated ankle sprain followed by either a wet-ice or cold-water treatment, a group of the subject population received no treatment for the experimental control. Muscle reaction data is presented and discussed to confirm which treatment option is best.

P. Feys, K. Coninx, L. Kerkhofs, T. D. Weyer, V. Truyens, A. Maris, l. Lamers. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (2015) 12:60

The Biometrics Dynamometer is used to determine maximal hand grip strength for all study participants. Grip is one of the parameters measured to determine how effective robot-supported upper limb training is for individuals suffering with MS. The study included a control group of healthy subjects in order to confirm success of this training technique.

S. S. M. Fong, S. S. M. Ng, X. Guo, Y. Wang, R. C. K. Chung, G. stat, W. Y. Ki, D. J. Macfarlane. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015 Oct; 94(41): e1785

This study explores the effect that developmental coordination disorder has on children specifically in regard to lower limb muscle reflexes and postural control. Biometrics EMG sensors are applied to the leg of each subject along with an Accelerometer to record trunk perturbation, both sensor types are connected to the DataLOG unit. The experimental protocol is completed for each subject and results are presented and discussed.

N. S. Milijovic, G. S. Bijelic, O. C. Dordevic, L. M. Konstantinovic, H. R. Zabaleta, T. B. Sekara. Vojnotechnicki Glasnik / Military Technical Courier, 2015, Vol. LXIII, No. 1

The SG150B Goniometer connected to Biometrics instrumentation, is used to record trunk flexion and extension throughout this study. The study population includes individuals suffering from lower back pain as well as healthy subjects. Data is compared to determine if there are any significant differences in measured parameters between these two groups when completing a controlled set of exercises.

F. Rahimi, O. Samotus, J. Lee, M. Jog. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements (N Y). 2015; 5: 348

The angular position of upper limb tremors is recorded by several Biometrics Goniometers and Torsiometers. This data is recorded for each subject periodically throughout the study which explores the effects of a treatment designed to relieve/reduce tremor in Parkinsons disease patients.

F. Lunardini, S. Maggioni, C. Casellato, M. Bertucco, A. L. G. Pedrocchi, T. D. Sanger. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (2015) 12:52

An 8 channel Biometrics EMG system is used to determine the upper limb muscle activity used to complete a drawing task. The subject population comprises children suffering from dystonia as well as healthy age-matched individuals. Results are presented and discussed to help characterise and better understand motor performance in children with dystonia.

A. E. Westbrook, G. S. Sawicki

This study utilises Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors for gait analysis with biofeedback. Muscle activity is used to trigger an audible and vibrational alarm to both reward and help correct the subject under test conditions. Results are discussed and conclude that this setup could positively impact rehabilitation practice if used regularly in impaired populations.

A. H. N. Deghadi, l. S. Waked, M. Alkawi, N. A. M. Nordin, R. Al-Baradie. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, 26-38

This analysis includes a comparison of two treatments intended to restore function to the upper limbs of stroke patients. The Biometrics Dynamometer is used to quantify the maximal Grip Strength of all subjects over the course of the study; this data is then reviewed and discussed in a comparative analysis to determine which of the two treatment options is best. Keywords: 2015, USA, EMG, Sport, Health & Exercise Science, Biomechanics

Cynthia S. Srikesavan, Barabara Shay, Tony Szturm. The Open Orthopaedics Journal 2015; 9: 57-67

The Biometrics Ltd Dynamometer is used to determine the Grip Strength of subjects suffering from Arthritis. The Grip Strength data is presented together with the outcomes of the new hand function test designed specifically for people with arthritis, the Grip Strength data is also applied to the final analysis showing test-retest reliability.

Sandra Hansmann, Susanne M Benseler, Jasmin B Kuemmerle-Deschner. Paediatric Rheumatology (2015) 13:8.

This study concludes that collecting Goniometer data is one of the best ways to find differences between healthy and arthritic knee joints, the maximum flexion and extension values are recorded and from these values, the acceleration and dynamic range of motion are calculated. Biometrics Ltd Goniometers, connected to the DataLOG unit, are used in this study.

Hiroaki Yano, Naoki Tanaka, Kiyotaka Kamibayashi, Hideyuki Saitou, Hiroo Iwata. The Scientific World Journal Volume 2015, Article iD: 849831.

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are used to support this investigation into commercially releasing a new gait rehabilitation device developed for Stroke patients. Subjects are instructed to walk using the gait rehabilitation device and a 'real' sloped surface, Ankle Goniometer data is recorded to confirm that the new device allows for healthy motion.

Joanne Lumsden, Lynden K. Miles, C. Neil Macrae. Frontiers in Psychology 2014, 5:1064.

Subjects involved in this study were requested to intentionally synchronize or avoid synchronizing with another participant performing the same exercise. Goniometer data was collected to confirm whether the synchronization/synchronization-avoidance was performed correctly, Biometrics Ltd SG110 Goniometers were placed on the elbows of the subjects and compared post data-acquisition. The goniometer results are presented with mood and self-esteem data for discussion.

Alexander Opitz, Wynn Legon, Jerel Mueller, Aaron Barbour, Walter Paulus, William J. Tyler. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2014; 8: 1043.

Surface EMG is monitored throughout this study, to quantify the intensity of electrical pulses, using the Biometrics Ltd surface EMG sensor connected to the Biometrics Ltd K800 Amplifier. This surface EMG data is presented alongside EEG data from each experimental setup and the results are discussed.

Risa Iwasaki, Ginga Yokoyama, Satoshi Kawabata, Tomotaka Suzuki. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2014 Jan; 26(1): 57-61

This study aims to analyse the physical characteristics of subjects carrying out a lifting activity in order to contribute to information regarding the mechanism and development of low back pain. Two Biometrics Ltd Goniometers were applied at specific points along the backbone of each subject for the duration of the experiment. The effects of lifting with and without load are discussed and verified using Goniometer and muscle activity data.

Myung-chul Kim, Seul-Ki Han, Seung-kyun Kim. Jouranl of Physical Therapy Science. 2014 Aug; 26(8): 1143-1146

Goniometer data is used to determine the hip range of motion of stroke patients walking and crossing obstacles in two different environments. Hip flexion and extension values are presented in a comparative analysis alongside other measured parameters. The discussion leads on to highlight the benefits of underwater physical therapy for Stroke patients.

Reva E. Johnson, Konrad P. Kording, Levi J. Hargrove, Jonathon W. Sensinger. Fronteirs in Neuroscience 2014; 8: 302

This study aims to determine the relationship between prosthesis control and adaptation behaviour. Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are used to quantify joint angle data for the angle control analysis portion of the experiment. Data from this study suggests that skilled and co-ordinated movement is possible with improved prosthesis control systems.

Yoshiyuki Hirakawa, Michiya Hara, Akira Fujiwara, Hirofumi Hanada, Shu Morioka. Pain Research and Management. 2014 Sep-Oct; 19(5): 251-256

The subject population was evaluated at determined time intervals post TKA surgery. Biometrics Ltd Goniometers were used to measure hip ROM during active movement. Goniometer data is presented alongside other measured parameters to determine how significantly neglect-like symptoms contributed to pain.

Cameron Lindsay, Julie Simpson, Sissi Ispoglou, Steve G. Sturman, Ananad D. Pandyan. Trials 2014, 15:12

This proposed study involves the use of Biometrics Ltd Goniometers, connected to the DataLOG unit for recording maximum wrist/elbow flexion and extension. Data will be collected at determined time intervals following stroke, some of the patients will be receiving treatment throughout the duration of the study and some patients will receive a placebo (no treatment). All data collected will be analysed to provide values for spasticity over a period of time which will verify the clinical effects of treatment.

Amir Pourmoghaddam, Marius Dettmer, Daniel P. O'Conner, William H. Paloski, Charles S. Layne. Parkinson's disease Volume 2015, Article iD: 497825

Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors were applied to the subject population throughout the duration of this study. EMG sensors were connected to the DataLINK unit where data was exported and analysed using the SYNERGOS technique. All study participants were in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, EMG data was collected before and after taking an anti-Parkinsonian medication so that the relationship between muscle activation and medication can be determined and discussed.

Giuseppe Lisi, Tomoyuki Noda, Jun Morimoto. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 2014; 8: 85

Finger angle was measured using a Biometrics Ltd Goniometer throughout the duration of this finger-tapping study. Subjects were instructed to tap their finger (right hand side or left hand side) while a lower limb assistive robot perturbed the leg. Observations from the initial comparison are discussed to determine the effect on finger tapping when the leg is perturbed.

Navi Roth, Avi Wiener, Joseph Mizrahi. Characterization of major muscles in cycling FES - The European Journal of Translational Myology - Basic Applied Myology 2014; 24 (3): 163-171

This study primarily focuses on measuring muscle activity in subjects participating in cycling movements. Biometrics Goniometers placed on the ankle, knee and hip of subjects are used to determine the limb linkage kinematics which will be used to help interpret the muscle activity data collected. Results from this study are important in movement rehabilitation applications.

Aamd M. Alasker. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering Vol. 07 No.13 (2014), Article iD: 51289

EMG data is collected from subjects throughout the duration of the study using Biometrics Ltd EMG electrodes connected to the Biometrics DataLINK unit. All subjects are instructed to perform a variety of computer based tests following training to confirm muscle performance in healthy individuals. The results from this study are discussed to highlight the importance of applying EMG control technology as a clinical rehabilitation technique for patients with poor muscle control particularly stroke/spinal cord patients.

Marius Brazaitis, Nerijus Eimantas, Laura Daniuseviciute, Dalia Mickeviciene, Rasa Steponaviciute, Albertas Skurvydas. PLoS ONE October 2, 2014

EMG sensors connected to the Biometrics Ltd DataLOG unit are used to determine muscle reflex following EMS. This data is recorded for each participant pre and post exposure to a prolonged cold environment. The EMG data along with an extensive range of other measured parameters is used to provide a statistical analysis comparing the human response of cold-water immersion between two identified study population groups.

I-Husan Chen, Yea-Ru Yangm Shih-Jung Cheng, Rai-Chi Chan, Ray-Yau Wang. Chinese Journal of Physiology 57(3): 128-136, 2014

This study utilises data recorded from four Biometrics Ltd Goniometers placed bilaterally on the knee and ankle of study participants to quantify the joint angles of a turning movement. Goniometer data is presented along with other measured parameters to identify whether or not there is a pattern in patients post-stroke performing a turning movement and if there is a relationship between the turning direction and falls.

John-Stuart Brittain, Penny Probert-Smith, Tipu Z. Aziz, Peter Brown. Current Biology 23, 436-440, March 4, 2013

Biometrics Ltd Accelerometers are used to assess tremor in patients suffering from tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease. The ACL300 Accelerometer was secured to each subject throughout the duration of the study which aims to determine the effect of TACS stimulation frequency on tremor. A secondary experiment confirms the relationship between stimulation frequency and tremor which is discussed further.

Go-Un Jung, Tae-Ho Moon, Gun-Woo Park, Jun-Young Lee, Byoung-Hee Lee. J.Phys.Ther.Sci. 25: 147-151, 2013

This study involved an analysis of stroke patients, the Biometrics Ltd Goniometers and EMG sensors were used to document range of motion and other clinical measurements. The Biometrics Ltd DataLOG with analysis software was used. Study participants were split into two groups in order to discover the effects of EMG-Triggered electric stimulation.

H. Minoonejad, R. Rajabi, E. Ebrahimi-Takamjani, M. H. Alizadeh, A. A. Jamshidi, A. Azhari, E. Fatehi. 2012. World Journal of Sport Sciences 6 (3): 278-285

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are used to monitor knee flexion during this study to document the effects of exercise on patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) sufferers. Data was collected before and after a six week period so that a statistical analysis could be carried out comparing results from the control group with the exercise group. The Goniometers were placed on the leg of participants from both subject groups; knee flexion was recorded for a stair climbing activity while pain scores were communicated.

J. Andreasen, C. M. Molgaard, S. Kaalund, S. Lundbye-Christensen, O. Simonsen, M. Voigt. The Foot 23 (2013) 22-28

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers are used to evaluate the angular position of the foot during this study which aims to analyse how effective treatment for chronic foot pain is. Four treatment groups are identified; Goniometer data is collected before and periodically after treatment in order to determine how effective each treatment programme is. Data is presented and compared to identify which programme showed significant results in reducing pain contributing factors.

N Hancock, L Shepstone, P Rowe, PK Myint, V Pomeroy; Trials 2011 12:68

Biometrics Ltd DataLink and EMG sensors (SX230) used to measure muscle activity in early stroke patients during stationary bike pedalling exercise.

B Ezenwa, HT Yeoh; Journal Of Rehabilitation Research & Development Volume 48, Number 2, 2011 pages 179 - 190

Biometrics Ltd Accelerometer ACL300 and DataLog with analysis software were used in this study of use of vibration to improve bone density.

D Di Fazio, L Lombardo, A Gracco, P D'Amico, G Siciliani; American Journal Of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics January 2011 Pages e1 - e6

Biometrics Ltd DataLOG with analysis software and flexible force sensors were used to measure lip pressure at rest and whilst swallowing.

Bernard Piotuch, Andrzej zyluk. 2010 Polski Prezeglad chirurgiczny, 82, 6, 347-353

Participants of this study had recently undergone carpal tunnel surgery. The analysis aims to investigate the results from a patient questionnaire with quantitative data recorded. The Biometrics Ltd dynamometer connected to the DataLINK unit was used to record grip strength for the subject population pre and post-surgery.

E Cousins, A B Ward, C Roffe, L D Rimington, A D Pandyan; Physical Therapy Volume 89 Number 7 p688-697

Biometrics Ltd DataLINK, Goniometers and EMG sensors used as a neurophysiological measure of joint angle and EMG activity in post stroke patients treated for spasticity with Botulinum toxin.

Hyperthermia impairs short-term memory and peripheral motor drive transmission

This study aims to document the relationship between ambient temperature and muscle activity. The Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors (connected to the DataLOG unit) were applied to subjects and worn throughout the duration of the study (over each of the three temperature environments). EMG signals were collected and analysed post data acquisition to quantify muscle activity.

P Piriyaprasarth, M Morris, A Winter, A Bialocerkowski; Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008, 9:6

This study examined the inter- and intra-tester reliability of knee joint angle measurements using a Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer. The clinical utility of electrogoniometry was also addressed. Data was collected using the Biometrics Ltd DataLOG and analyzed using Biometrics Ltd Analysis Software.

M Arroyo-Morales, N Olea, MM Martinez, A Hidalgo-Lozano, C Ruiz-Rodriguez, L Diaz-Rodriguez; The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2008, vol 14, no 10, pp 1223-1229

Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors and DataLINK data acquisition system with analysis software was used to quantify muscle activity in the quadriceps in this study to evaluate the effect of massage on neuromuscular recruitment, mood state, and mechanical nociceptive threshold after high-intensity exercise.

Sweta Malhotra, Elizabeth Cousins, Anthony Ward, Charles Day, Peter Jones, Christine Roffe, Anand Pandyan; Clinical Rehabilitation 2008; 22: 1105-1115

Spasticity is measured at the wrist flexors of stroke patients using a combination of Biometrics Ltd EMG probes and Goniometers along with a force transducer connected to the Biometrics Ltd DataLINK unit. Force, range of motion and muscle activity were measured simultaneously during patient exercise in order to confirm the relationship between biomechanical, clinical and neurophysiological measurements necessary to best manage and assess spasticity.

T Kline, B Schmidt, D Kamper; Brain 2007, 130(1):159-169

Joint angles of the digits of the impaired hand and angle measurements of the elbow joint on the impaired side were measured with Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers in this study of patterns of interlimb coupling in ten stroke survivors with chronic hand impairment.

CS Moriguchi, TO Sato, HJC Coury; Revista Brasileria de Fisioterapia 2007, vol 11, no 3

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer connected to a Biometrics Ltd datalogger was used to evaluate ankle movements of healthy individuals walking on a treadmill.

P Jonsson, P Johnson, M Hagberg; Ergonomics 2007, vol 50, issue 5, pg 647-659

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and feasibility of using a Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer for measuring simple thumb movements and concluded that electrogoniometers have utility for studying thumb movements during mobile phone use and may be used to evaluate other thumb-based input devices.

J Huddleston, A Alaiti, D Goldvasser, D Scarborough, a Freiberg, H Rubash, H Malchau, W Harris, D Krebs

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation; Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure bilateral knee flexion angles for periods of 7-24 hours.

K Saremi, J Marehbian, X Yan, JP Regnaux, R Elashoff, B Bussel, B Dobkin; Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2006, 20(2)

A biomechanical model was used to compute lower extremity joint kinematics over a short walkway. Surface EMG was acquired with the (Biometrics Ltd) DataLOG system using 8 (Biometrics Ltd) SX230 EMG sensors and analysed using (Biometrics Ltd) version 3 Analysis Software.

PJ Rowe, CM Myles, R Nutton; Journal of Orthopedic Surgery 2005, 13(2):131-138

This study used Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers to evaluate active and functional knee excursion of patients before and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to determine whether TKA restores quality of life related to functional activities of daily living.

L Carey, D Abbott, G Egan, J Bernhardt, G Donnan; Stroke 2005, 36:625-629

In this study finger tapping ability was used as one of the parameters to quantify recovery following stroke. Biometrics Ltd finger Goniometers were used to measure the range of active flexion-extension movement of the MCP joint of the index finger.

MH Jan, HM Chai, YF Lin, JCH Lin, LY Tsai, YC Ou, DH Lin; Physical Therapy October 2005, vol 85, no 10

The ability to perform 20 or more one-leg heel-rises is considered a 'normal' grade for muscle strength of the ankle plantar flexors, regardless of age and strength. Because muscle strength is closely related to age and sex, the 'normal' test criterion was re-evaluated in different groups categorized by age and sex. Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers and instrumentation was used to measure the angle of ankle plantar flexion.

JH Chang, HY Hsu, FC Su; Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering 2005, 25(1): 33-37

Wrist pain is a common complaint in hand clinics. Flexible electro-goniometry offers a convenient method to investigate joint kinematics in clinical environment. Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer was used to measure wrist circumduction in injured subjects.

J Petrella, JS Kim, C Tuggle, S Hall, M Bamman; Journal of Applied Physiology 2005, 98:211-220

The purposes of this study were to examine age and gender differences in knee extension strength, power, and fatigue using open- and closed-chain testing procedures. Knee position and flexion/extension movement was measured using Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers and neural activity of the right knee extensors was measured for each of three superficial quadriceps muscles using Biometrics Ltd EMG sensors. EMG were digitized at 1000 Hz and electrogoniometer inputs at 500 Hz, and data from each input were analyzed simultaneously using Biometrics Ltd DataLINK with software version 2.0.

T Wakahara, J Ushiyama, H Kanehisa, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga; International Journal of Sport and Health Science 2005, vol 3, 75-82

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used to measure the angles of ankle (SG110A) and knee (SG150) joints in this study of lower extremity biomechanics.

J R Goldsmith, R H Lidtke, S Shott; Journal Of American Podiatric Medical Association Vol 92 No 9 October 2002

Biometrics Ltd Goniometers used to measure ankle joint position prior to and during exercise therapy to increase joint mobility and reduce plantar pressures in diabetic patients.

A Pandyan, P Vuadens, F van Wijck, S Stark, G Johnson, M Barnes; Clinical Rehabilitation 2002, 16:654-660

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer incorporated into a measurement system to quantify the clinical efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in treating elbow spasticity in a unilateral stroke population.

M Coppieters, K Stappaerts, K Janssens, G Jull; Physiotherapy Research International 2002, 7(3): 146-156

The range of elbow extension in both the laboratory and clinical conditions was measured with Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer and instrumentation in this study.

Movement of the knee in osteoarthritis: the use of electrogoniometry to assess function

This study 50 patients with knee osteoarthritis using Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers concluded: 'Electrogoniometry is relatively inexpensive, can be performed in a normal clinical setting with minimal inconvenience to the patient, and may prove to be a valuable objective tool for comparative evaluation of different prostheses or surgical techniques for total knee replacement.?

P Szuic, J Lewandowski, B Marecki; Medical Science Monitor 2000, 7(2): 312-315

In this study Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer was used as the accurate and reliable measurement to validate knee position measurements with a universal Goniometer.

M Rawes, J Richardson, J Dias; Journal of Hand Surgery - British and European Volume 1996 21B(5): 600-603

A new electrogoniometer technique, using a Biometrics ltd electrogoniometer, is described for the measurement of wrist movements, including circumduction, with the results being displayed as figures. Clinical validation was performed and the system found to be highly accurate and reliable.

Implications for Splint Design; N Weiss, L Gordon, T Bloom, Y So, D Rempel; Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1995 Vol 77-A, No. 11, pp 1695-1699

To determine the position of the wrist that results in the lowest carpal tunnel pressure, twenty control subjects and four patients who had carpal tunnel syndrome were evaluated with use of a new, dynamic method that continuously measures carpal tunnel pressure throughout the range of motion of the wrist. A Biometrics Ltd two-axis electrogoniometer was used to measure continuously the flexion or extension angle as well as the radial or ulnar deviation of the wrist.

M Hazelwood, J Brown, P Rowe, P Salter; Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1994, 36:661-673

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers and footswitches were used in this study to evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation of the anterior tibial muscles of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy on the gait pattern and the range of active and passive lower extremity movement. dorsiflexion of the ankle. Foot switches were placed under the sole and heel of the foot and simultaneously recorded the pattern of contact of the foot with the floor so that the temporal parameters of the gait cycle could be analyzed. The use of electrogoniometers for gait analysis proved successful, and could provide therapists and physicians with a relatively cheap and versatile means of quantitatively monitoring gait pattern and the effects of therapy.

K Rome, A Clark; British Journal of Podiatric Medicine 1994, 49(2): 19-23

Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometers were used in this study is to evaluate a short term stretching programme for ankle equinus, using a high load, brief stretch technique. The single case study has demonstrated the flexible electrogoniometer as a reliable instrument which is easy to use in the clinical setting.

P Ball, G Johnson; Clinical Biomechanics 1993; 8: 13-19

This paper describes the use of an Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer for clinical assessment of subtalar motion and examines the important aspects of the clinical procedure.

J Goodwin, C Clark, J Deakes, D Burdon, C Lawrence; Disability and Rehabilitation 1992; Vol 14, No.1; pp 10-15

This investigation compared the reliability and interchangeable use of three currently available Goniometers - a universal Goniometer, a fluid Goniometer, and a Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer. Three consecutive readings of the active range of movement of the right elbow joint were taken from each of 23 healthy female volunteers; three experienced observers each used each type of Goniometer on two occasions. Significant intertester differences were found to exist for both the universal and fluid Goniometers. However, no significant differences were found between any of the testers with respect to the electrogoniometer. It therefore appears reasonable to suggest that, with respect to reducing intertester differences, the electrogoniometer is preferable.

H Ojima, S Miyake, M Kumashiro, H Togami, S Meng, K Suzuki; Clinical Biomechanics 1991; 6: no 4; 221-229

This paper shows the reliability and validity of Biometrics Ltd biaxial electrogoniometric analysis in the quantification of wrist circumduction. The reliability tests demonstrated sufficient accuracy of the device. Also, validity of the measurement was recognized because the tests simulating wrist circumduction and cineradiography revealed that it could accurately detect the angle between the long axis of the forearm and the third metacarpal bone.

A Nicol; Clinical Rehabilitation 1989, 3: 1-9

This paper is about the development of the Biometrics Ltd electrogoniometer and its clinical applications: The device is very lightweight and the electrogoniometers can be worn beneath clothing, so the subject can move without inhibition. ...Tests using angular motion of the hip and knee joints...assessment of gait ...gait of amputees and patients cerebral palsy...assessing the postoperative performance of arthritic patients receiving the Souter-Strathclyde elbow prosthesis. It can be seen that electrogoniometers can provide information otherwise not available in a clinical environment.

P Rowe, A Nicol, I Kelly; Clinical Biomechanics 1988, 4:68-72

Biometrics Ltd flexible electrogoniometers were used to record the motion of both hips and knees in total hip replacement patients. Four flexible electrogoniometers are used to measure the flexion-extension angles of both hips and both knees. The electrogoniometer system has proved capable of quantifying the functional status of hip replacement patients simply and economically within the clinical environment.